PROBLEM: Field trials require extensive data preparation and complex logistics. The use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) can bypass many of the traditional steps that are necessary in a paper-based data entry system. APPROACH: We programmed, designed and supervised the use of PDAs for a large survey enumeration and mass vaccination campaign. LOCAL SETTING: The project was implemented in Zanzibar in the United Republic of Tanzania. Zanzibar is composed of two main islands, Unguja and Pemba, where outbreaks of cholera have been reported since the 1970s. RELEVANT CHANCES: PDAs allowed us to digitize information at the initial point of contact with the respondents. Immediate response by the system in case of error helped ensure the quality and reliability of the data. PDAs provided quick data summaries that allowed subsequent research activities to be implemented in a timely fashion. LESSONS LEARNT: Portability, immediate recording and linking of information enhanced structure data collection in our study. PDAs could be more useful than paper-based systems for data collection in the field, especially in impoverished settings in developing countries.

PROBLEMA: Los ensayos sobre el terreno exigen una amplia preparación de los datos y una logística compleja. Los asistentes personales digitales (PDA) permiten sortear muchas de las medidas tradicionales que requieren los métodos de anotación de datos en papel. ENFOQUE: Procedimos a programar, diseñar y supervisar el uso de PDA para el trabajo de enumeración de una gran encuesta y la posterior campaña de vacunación masiva. CONTEXTO LOCAL: El proyecto se llevó a cabo en Zanzíbar, en la República Unida de Tanzanía. El territorio de Zanzíbar se reparte fundamentalmente en dos islas, Unguja y Pemba, en las que se vienen notificando brotes de cólera desde los años setenta. CAMBIOS DESTACABLES: Los PDA nos permitieron digitalizar la información en el punto inicial de contacto con los encuestados. La respuesta inmediata del sistema en caso de error nos ayudó a reunir datos de mayor calidad y fiabilidad. Los PDA generaban resúmenes rápidos de los datos que permitían emprender nuevas actividades de investigación en el momento oportuno. ENSEÑANZAS EXTRAÍDAS: La transportabilidad, la inmediatez del registro y la vinculación de la información mejoraron la recopilación de datos estructurados en nuestro estudio. Los PDA pueden ser más útiles que los sistemas basados en papel para reunir datos sobre el terreno, especialmente en los entornos empobrecidos de los países en desarrollo.

PROBLÉMATIQUE: Les essais sur le terrain exigent des opérations de préparation des données de grande ampleur et une logistique complexe. L'utilisation d'assistants numériques personnels (PDA ou organiseurs) peut court-circuiter nombre des étapes qu'impose traditionnellement un système de saisie des données sur support papier. DÉMARCHE: Nous avons programmé, pensé et supervisé l'utilisation de PDA pour un dénombrement de grande ampleur dans le cadre d'une enquête et pour une campagne de vaccination de masse. CONTEXTE LOCAL: Le projet a été mis en œuvre au Zanzibar, en République Unie de Tanzanie. Zanzibar se compose de deux iles principales, Unguja et Pemba, dans lesquelles des flambées de choléra sont notifiées depuis les années 1970. MODIFICATIONS PERTINENTES: Les PDA nous ont permis de numériser l'information au point initial de contact avec les personnes interrogées. Une réponse immédiate du système en cas d'erreur a contribué à garantir la qualité et la fiabilité des données. Les PDA ont fourni des synthèses rapides des données permettant de mettre en œuvre sans délai des activités de recherche faisant suite aux premières. ENSEIGNEMENTS TIRÉS: La portabilité, l'enregistrement immédiat et la mise en relation des informations a permis de mieux structurer la collecte des données dans notre étude. Les PDA pourraient être plus utiles que les systèmes à support papier pour la collecte des données sur le terrain, notamment dans les zones pauvres des pays en développement.

BACKGROUND: Europe and North America have low rates of mental health service use despite high rates of mental disorder. Little is known about mental health service use among South Africans. DESIGN: A nationally representative survey of 4 351 adults. Twelve-month DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition) diagnoses, severity, and service utilisation were determined using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Twelve-month treatment was categorised by sector and province. South Africans in households and hostel quarters were interviewed between 2002 and 2004 in all nine provinces. OUTCOME MEASURES: 4 317 respondents 18 years and older were analysed. Bivariate logistic regression models predicted (i) 12-month treatment use of service sectors by gender, and (ii) 12-month treatment use by race by gender. RESULTS: Of respondents with a mental disorder, 25.2% had sought treatment within the previous 12 months; 5.7% had used any formal mental health service. Mental health service use was highest for adults with mood and anxiety disorders, and among those with a mental disorder it varied by province, from 11.4% (Western Cape) to 2.2% (Mpumalanga). More women received treatment, and this was largely attributable to higher rates of treatment in women with mood disorders. Age, income, education and marital status were not significantly associated with mental health service use. Race was associated with the treatment sector accessed in those with a mental disorder. CONCLUSIONS: There is a substantial burden of untreated mental disorders in the South African population, across all provinces and even in those with substantial impairment. Greater allocation of resources to mental health services and more community awareness initiatives are needed to address the unmet need.

BACKGROUND: The South African Stress and Health (SASH) study is the first large-scale population-based study of common mental disorders in the country. This paper provides data on the 12-month and lifetime prevalence of these conditions. METHODS: Data from a nationally representative sample of 4 351 adults were analysed. Mental disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). An extensive survey questionnaire detailed contextual and socio-demographic factors, onset and course of mental disorders, and risk factors. Simple weighted cross-tabulation methods were used to estimate prevalence, and logistic regression analysis was used to study correlates of 12-month and lifetime prevalence. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence for any disorder was 30.3%, and the most prevalent 12-month and lifetime disorders were the anxiety disorders. The Western Cape had the highest 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates, and the lowest rates were in the Northern Cape. CONCLUSIONS: The SASH study shows relatively high 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates. These findings have significant implications for planning mental health services.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports from South Africa on how common mental disorders may be associated with HIV-related perceptions and behaviours. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2004, 4 351 South African adults were interviewed. Psychiatric diagnoses of depression, anxiety and substance abuse disorders were based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV). HIV-related fears, perceived risk and behaviour change were measured using multi-item scales. We analysed forms of behaviour change that were appropriate for risk reduction (such as changes in sexual behaviour) separately from behaviour changes that were inappropriate to prevent HIV (such as care over things touched or avoiding certain social situations). RESULTS: The presence of any DSM-IV-defined disorder during the previous 12 months was associated with previous HIV testing, increased HIV-related fears, and high levels of perceived risk of HIV. There were no associations between depression, anxiety and substance abuse disorders and appropriate forms of behaviour change for HIV risk reduction. However, individuals with an anxiety or a depressive disorder were more likely to report inappropriate forms of behaviour change. For example, individuals with any depressive and/or anxiety disorders were 1.57 and 1.47 times more likely, respectively, to report avoiding certain social situations to prevent HIV/AIDS compared with those who did not have such disorders (p<0.01 for both associations). DISCUSSION: The lack of appropriate forms of behaviour change to prevent HIV transmission, despite increased levels of HIV-related fear and perceived risk, underscores the need for HIV risk reduction interventions for individuals living with common mental disorders in South Africa.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographic correlates of perceived discrimination and explore the association between perceived discrimination and psychiatric disorders. DESIGN: A national household survey was conducted between 2002 and 2004 using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to generate diagnoses of psychiatric disorders. Additional instruments provided data on perceived discrimination and related variables. SETTING: A nationally representative sample of adults in South Africa. SUBJECTS: 4 351 individuals aged 18 years and older. OUTCOMES: 12-month and lifetime mood, anxiety and substance use disorders.] RESULTS: In the multivariate analyses, acute and chronic racial discrimination were associated with an elevated risk of any 12-month DSM-IV disorder when adjusted for socio-demographic factors, but this association was no longer statistically significant when adjusted for other sources of social stress. In fully adjusted models, acute racial discrimination was associated with an elevated risk of lifetime substance use disorders. Acute and chronic non-racial discrimination were associated with an elevated risk of 12-month and lifetime rates of any disorder, even after adjustment for other stressors and potentially confounding psychological factors. The association of chronic non-racial discrimination and 12-month and lifetime disorder was evident across mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in the fully adjusted models. CONCLUSION: The risk of psychiatric disorders is elevated among persons who report experiences of discrimination. These associations are more robust for chronic than for acute discrimination and for non-racial than for racial discrimination. Perceived discrimination constitutes an important stressor that should be taken into account in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders.